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The thing is, I suspect that the command for running the virtual machine instance is something as follows:
Restarted the Docker Quickstart Terminal. Added new USB filter, by selecting the machine from the pop-up list. Powered off the default virtual machine, and went to Machine → Settings… → USB. Upgraded Oracle VirtualBox to 5.0.16, and installed the Oracle VM VirtualBox Extensions Pack, which allows the boot2docker VM the ability to use USB 2.0 to access my device.
So I'm trying this on Windows, and here's what I've done so far: I've not been able to locate any instructions on how to access a USB device from Docker in Windows, exactly, although the instructions here, despite being from Mac OS X, come pretty close.